Publications

Explore our research papers, policy briefs, and reports on critical global issues

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66 publications trouvées

  • Anatomy of Inequality and Income Dynamics in France

    • Dynamiques des salaires

    • Inégalités

    • Working Paper

    This paper examines income inequality and dynamics in France, using exhaustive administrative panel data. We find that the market income distribution is highly unequal, with the top 1% receiving around 6% of the income. Income mobility is characterized by strong persistence at all income levels and for all age groups. We propose a non-parametric frame […]

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  • Tax Simplicity or Simplicity of Evasion? Evidence from Self-Employment Taxes in France

    • Entreprenariat

    • Fiscalité

    • Working Paper

    Tax systems are often criticized for being overly complex, leading some countries to offer simplified regimes to some taxpayers. Using panel data on French income tax returns, we show that simplified regimes for the self-employed create substantial bunching just below their eligibility thresholds. This bunching in turn is driven not only by a pure taste […]

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  • Wage and Employment Effects of Wage Subsidies

    • Instrument de Bartik

    • Incidence fiscale

    • Working Paper

    This paper provides new evidence on how wage subsidies affect wages and employment. Using French administrative data, a 2015 nationwide wage subsidy reform, and a shift-share IV design, I leverage variation in reform exposure across local labor markets stemming from differences in the socio-economic composition of the local working-age population. Local labor markets more exposed […]

    Écrit par

    Maxime Gravoueille

  • Artificial Intelligence, Growth and Employment: The Role of Policy

    • IA

    • Automatisation

    • Travail et emploi

    • Croissance

    • Politiques publiques

    • Publication

    In this survey paper, we argue that the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation on growth and employment depend to a large extent on institutions and policies. We develop a two-fold analysis. In a first section, we survey the most recent literature to show that AI can spur growth by replacing labor by capital, […]

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    Publiée

    December 2019

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  • An Evaluation of the Innovation Tax Credit

    • Innovation

    • Publication

    The Innovation tax credit (crédit d’impôt innovation, CII) is an extension of theResearch tax credit (crédit d’impôt recherche, CIR) intended to boost the incentive effect ofthe latter on SMEs to encourage them to engage in the creation of new productsviathe developmentof prototypes or pilot plants. Introduced in 2013, it represented €120million of tax credit in […]

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    Publiée

    October 2021

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  • Cultivating Productivity through Regulation:The Case of Pesticide Bans in France

    • Innovation

    • Productivité

    • Régulation

    • Working Paper

    This paper examines the long-standing debate on regulation’s impact on productivity and in-novation using novel French agricultural data combining farm-level balance sheets, crop pro-tection records, and regulatory changes. The findings highlight a policy trade-off. On theone hand, when regulation bans an active substance for which no substitute is available, itcauses short-term productivity declines that mitigation […]

    Écrit par

    Simon Bunel

  • The Local Labor Market Effects of Modern Manufacturing Capital: Evidence from France

    • Automatisation

    • Marché du travail

    • Productivité

    • Publication

    Using an event study methodology and comprehensive micro data from the French manufacturing sector, we analyze the local labor market effects of investments in modern manufacturing capital, including modern automation technologies. We estimate that commuting zones with higher investments in modern manufacturing capital and automation benefit from higher labor demand, with an increase in both […]

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    Publiée

    May 2023

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  • How Different Uses of AI Shape Labor Demand: Evidence from France

    • IA

    • Travail et emploi

    • Productivité

    • Publication

    Using French firm-level data on AI adoption from 2017–2020, we find that, first, firms adopting AI are larger and more productive and skill intensive. Second, difference-in-difference estimates reveal an increase in firm-level employment and sales after AI adoption, suggesting that the induced productivity gains allow firms to grow and outweigh potential displacement effects. Third, occupations […]

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    Publiée

    May 2025

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  • Modern Manufacturing Capital, Labor Demand, and Product Market Dynamics: Evidence from France

    • Automatisation

    • Travail

    • Productivité

    • Publication

    This paper estimates the labor and product market effects of a fall in the cost of investments inmodern manufacturing capital, including modern automation technologies. Causal effects areestimated with a shift-share IV design leveraging pre-determined supply linkages and produc-tivity shocks. At both the firm and industry levels, we find that capital investments lead tohigher labor demand, […]

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  • Classifying patents based on their semantic content

    • Brevets

    • Publication

    In this paper, we extend some usual techniques of classification resulting from a large-scale data-mining and network approach. This new technology, which in particular is designed to be suitable to big data, is used to construct an open consolidated database from raw data on 4 million patents taken from the US patent office from 1976 […]

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    Publiée

    April 2017

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  • Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France

    • Destruction créatrice

    • Dynamique des entreprises

    • Croissance

    • Publication

    In this paper we use the same methodology as Aghion et al. (2017) to compute missing growth estimates from creative destruction in France. We find that from 2004 to 2015, about 0.5 percentage point of real output growth per year is missed by the statistical office, which is about the same as what was found in […]

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    Publiée

    August 2018

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  • Missing Growth from Creative Destruction

    • Destruction créatrice

    • Croissance

    • Publication

    For exiting products, statistical agencies often impute inflation from surviving products. This understates growth if creatively-destroyed products improve more than surviving ones. If so, then the market share of surviving products should systematically shrink. Using entering and exiting establishments to proxy for creative destruction, we estimate missing growth in US Census data on non-farm businesses […]

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    Publiée

    August 2019

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  • Adjustment Costs and Factor Demand: New Evidence from Firms’ Real Estate

    • Dynamique des entreprises

    • Marché du travail

    • Publication

    We study corporate real estate frictions and their effect on firm dynamics and labour demand. We build and simulate a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous firms that predicts the response of firms to a productivity shock in the presence of fixed adjustment costs on real estate. Using a large firm-level database merged with local real […]

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    Publiée

    July 2020

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  • Working from home and corporate real estate

    • Travail

    • Publication

    We examine how corporate real estate market participants adjust to the take-off of teleworking. We develop an index for the exposure of counties to teleworking in France by combining teleworking capacity with incentives and frictions to its deployment. We find that the valuation of offices declined more in areas more exposed to telecommuting, a pattern that we do not observe […]

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    Publiée

    March 2023

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  • Identifying technology clusters based on automated patent landscaping

    • Automatisation

    • Brevets

    • Publication

    We introduce a new general methodological approach for accurately and consistently retrieving a large set of patents related to specific technologies. We build upon the automated patent landscaping algorithm by incorporating a tractable amount of human supervision to improve the accuracy and consistency of our results. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by applying […]

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    Publiée

    December 2023

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  • Global value chains and domestic innovation

    • Brevets

    • Publication

    This paper explores how changes in both position and participation in Global Value Chain (GVC) networks affect firm innovation. The analysis combines matched patent-firm data for Japan with measures of GVC network centrality and GVC participation using the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) Tables over the period from 1995 to 2011. We find that Japan’s position in GVCs has shifted from being […]

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    Publiée

    April 2023

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  • The Impact of Regulation on Innovation

    • Innovation

    • Régulation

    • Publication

    We present a framework that can be used to assess the equilibrium impact of regulation on endogenous innovation with heterogeneous firms. We implement this model using French firm-level panel data, where there is a sharp increase in the burden of labor regulations on companies with 50 or more employees. Consistent with the model’s qualitative predictions, […]

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    Publiée

    November 2023

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  • A new dataset to study a century of innovation in Europe and in the US

    • Croissance

    • Innovation

    • Brevets

    • Publication

    Innovation is an important driver of potential growth but quantitative evidence on the dynamics of innovative activities in the long-run are hardly documented due to the lack of data, especially in Europe. In this paper, we introduce PatentCity, a novel dataset on the location and nature of patentees from the 19th century using information derived from […]

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    Publiée

    January 2024

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  • Proximity of Firms to Scientific Production

    • Externalités de la connaissance

    • Distance technologique

    • Publication

    Following Bergeaud et al. (2022), we construct a new measure of proximity between industrial sectors and public research laboratories. Using this measure, we explore the underlying network of knowledge linkages between scientific fields and industrial sectors in France. We show empirically that there exists a significant negative correlation between the geographical distance between firms and […]

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    Publiée

    March 2024

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  • Technological Change and Domestic Outsourcing

    • Marché du travail

    • Publication

    Does domestic outsourcing react to technological change? We study the staggered diffusion of broadband internet in France in the 2000s, and show that connected firms increased their outsourcing expenditures while decreasing the diversity of occupations they employ in-house. Meanwhile, employment in non-core occupations became increasingly concentrated in firms specializing in subcontracting services. Finally, we provide […]

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    Publiée

    October 2025

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  • From Public Labs to Private Firms:Magnitude and Channels of R&D Spillovers

    • Externalités de la connaissance

    • Distance technologique

    • Publication

    Introducing a new measure of scientific proximity between private firms and public researchgroups and exploiting a multi-billion euro financing program of academic clusters in France,we provide causal evidence of spillovers from academic research to private sector firms. Firmsin the top quartile of exposure to the funding shock increase their R&D effort by 20% comparedto the […]

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    Publiée

    21 July 2025

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  • Patents that Match your Standards: Firm-level Evidence on Competition, Innovation and Growth

    • Concurrence

    • Croissance

    • Innovation

    • Brevets

    • Publication

    When a technology becomes the new standard, the firms that are leaders in producingthis technology gain a competitive advantage. Matching the semantic content of patentsto standard documents, we show that firms closer to the new technology standard in-crease their market share and sales. In addition, if they operate in a competitive market,these firms also increase […]

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    Publiée

    Juin 2026

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  • Natural Language Processing and Innovation Research

    • Innovation

    • Brevets

    • Données textuelles

    • Publication

    Innovation is central to models in economics, strategy, management, and finance, yet itremains difficult to measure due to its intangible and knowledge-based nature. Recentadvancements in Natural Language Processing offer new methods to analyze textualartifacts, providing empirical insights into previously hard-to-measure aspects of inno-vation. This paper provides an overview of the current applications of these methods […]

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  • Environmental Preferences and Technological Choices: Is Market Competition Clean or Dirty?

    • Concurrence

    • Environnement

    • Innovation

    • Publication

    We investigate the effects of consumers’ environmental concerns and market competition on firms’ decisions to innovate in “clean” technologies. Agents care about their consumption and environmental footprint; firms pursue greener products to soften price competition. Acting as complements, these forces determine R&D, pollution, and welfare. We test the theory using panel data on patents by […]

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    Publiée

    1, March 2023

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  • Exporting Ideas: Knowledge Flows from Expanding Trade inGoods

    • Innovation

    • Brevets

    • Working Paper

    We examine the effect of entry by French firms into a new export market on thedynamics of their patents’ citations received from that destination. Applying adifference-in-differences identification strategy with a staggered treatment design, weshow that: (i) entering a new foreign market has a significant impact on the long-runflow of citations; (ii) the impact is mostly […]

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  • Opposing firm-level Responses to the China Shock: Horizontal Competition Versus Vertical Relationships?

    • Productivité

    • Commerce

    • Publication

    We decompose the “China shock” into two components that induce different adjustments for firms exposed to Chinese exports: an output shock affecting firms selling goods that compete with similar imported Chinese goods, and an input supply shock affecting firms using inputs similar to the imported Chinese goods. Combining French accounting, customs, and patent information at […]

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    Publiée

    May 2024

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  • Good Rents versus Bad Rents: R&D Misallocation and Growth

    • Croissance

    • Innovation

    • Working Paper

    Firm price-cost markups may reflect (a) bigger step sizes from qualityinnovations that confer significant knowledge spillovers onto other firms,and/or (b) higher process efficiency than competing firms or other factorswhich bear no obvious knowledge externality. We write down anendogenous growth model with innovation step size and process efficiencyas alternative sources of markup heterogeneity. We then use […]

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  • The Direct and Indirect Effects of Automation on Employment: A Survey of the Recent Literature

    • IA

    • Travail et emploi

    • Croissance

    • Politiques publiques

    • Working Paper

    In this article, we survey the recent literature and discuss two contrasting views on the direct and indirectimpacts of automation on employment. A first view predicts that firms that automation reduceemployment (a negative “direct effect”), even if this may ultimately result in new job creations takingadvantage of the lower equilibrium wage induced by job destructions […]

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    Publiée

    2022

  • The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports

    • Innovation

    • Productivité

    • Commerce

    • Publication

    We analyze how demand conditions faced by a firm in its export markets affect its innovation decisions. We exploit exogenous firm-level export demand shocks and find that firms respond by patenting more; furthermore, this response is driven by the subset of initially more productive firms. The patent response arises two to five years after the […]

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    Publiée

    May 2024

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  • Lost in Transition: Financial Barriers to Green Growth

    • Destruction créatrice

    • Innovation

    • Productivité

    • Working Paper

    Green innovation offers a solution to climate change without compromising living standards. Yet theshare of climate-enhancing innovations in total patents, after booming for two decades, has seizedto grow since the Global Financial Crisis. We develop a quantitative framework in which firms direct innovation towards green or polluting technologies, and become better at innovating in technologies […]

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